{"id":218,"date":"2023-04-24T21:59:55","date_gmt":"2023-04-24T19:59:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/turisztika.dinosprojekt.com\/?page_id=218"},"modified":"2023-08-15T07:50:18","modified_gmt":"2023-08-15T05:50:18","slug":"a-var-tortenete","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/vetk.hu\/en\/a-var-tortenete\/","title":{"rendered":"Castle History"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\u00a0The early history of Veszpr\u00e9m Castle, located between the Balaton Uplands and the Bakony Mountains, is uncertain, and historians can only rely on a few records and chronicles beyond archaeological excavations. In the 9th century, the Archbishopric of Salzburg conducted missionary and church-building activities in the Transdanubian region of the fragmented Avar Empire. According to a report sent by the Archbishop of Salzburg to the Pope, in 866, a church dedicated to Saint Michael was consecrated in the town of Ortahu, in the province of Kocelj, vassal of the Franks, of Moravian descent. If this church is indeed the present-day Saint Michael's Cathedral and Ortahu is identified with Veszpr\u00e9m, then both the castle and the town existed before the Hungarian conquest.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Another source is the 13th-century work of Anonymus,<\/span> the Gesta Hungarorum. According to this, \u00c1rp\u00e1d, the leader of the Hungarian conquest, found a fortress in Veszpr\u00e9m when they conquered the Transdanubian region and drove out the Romans from there. If there was indeed a castle at this time, it could have been a 9th-century Frankish or earlier Avar stronghold, and its defenders could have been subjects of the Frankish (German) Empire \u2014later the Holy Roman Empire\u2014 whom Anonymus referred to with the collective name of the peoples of the Roman Empire. Summing up these and other similar, non-contemporary sources, it can be concluded that there was already a fortified centre on the Castle Hill during the reign of Grand Prince G\u00e9za, and this, together with the castles of Esztergom and Sz\u00e9kesfeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r, was one of the earliest castles in Hungary.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0According to legend, during the reign of G\u00e9za, the grand prince's seat was in Esztergom, while the prince's wife, Sarolt, resided in Veszpr\u00e9m. It should be noted that Queen Gisela also enjoyed staying in Veszpr\u00e9m, and perhaps this is related to the city's exceptional status in several respects and the special relationship between the queens and the city. It is not without reason that Veszpr\u00e9m is called the City of Queens. According to one of the legends surrounding King Stephen,<\/span> Queen Gisela fervently supported the construction of the Veszpr\u00e9m Cathedral as a testament to her religious devotion. Although it was Stephen who elevated the cathedral to episcopal status (around 1000), its patron was always the reigning queen. The tradition holds that it was here that monarchs' consorts were crowned and buried. The cathedral, also functioning as a queen's chapel, housed the queens' throne, and until 1217, the treasury kept her crown, seal, and charters.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0On the Castle Hill, side by side, were located the ecclesiastical centre, namely the bishopric, and the secular seat. The ecclesiastical centre on the north-eastern part of the \"hill\" may have been composed of the \"ancient\" round church and the associated stone house, which stood in the place of the later school and then the seminary.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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The city is likely to have been the country's first episcopal see from 1001 or 1002 (provably from 1009). Veszpr\u00e9m County was also one of the earliest organized counties. The complex belonging to secular power stood at the site of the present-day palace: the princely, royal (\"queen's\") palace, as well as the seat of the isp\u00e1n (county head), the centre of the county. In the western part of the fortress, there were houses of the military and the castle dwellers.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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\u00a0The use of the outer castle gradually developed. At the south-eastern end of the ridge, where the present-day Fire Tower stands, a smaller fortress, a lookout point, emerged, primarily serving to observe the surrounding area and to defend the northern castle and the nearby settlements. <\/span><\/p>\n

Parallel to the increasing significance of the castle, its territory expanded, and thus the ridge was continuously built upon. Besides residential houses, a church and a cemetery were established. The early timber-framed earthworks gradually gave way to thicker, more solid stone walls. <\/span><\/p>\n

From comparing contemporary<\/span> panoramas, we know that the large south-western bastion and the small north-western corner bastion of the castle were built between 1572 and 1667.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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We have no data suggesting that the Mongol invasion of Hungary directly affected Veszpr\u00e9m; it was not subjected to siege and thus managed to weather the Mongol onslaught unscathed. However, indirectly, it affected the city's history in that King B\u00e9la IV dedicated his firstborn daughter to God, should the country be spared from destruction. The princess, Saint Margaret, was raised in Veszpr\u00e9m at the St. Catherine Dominican Nuns Monastery, founded by Bishop Bertalan in 1239, between the years 1246 and 1252.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Regarding the medieval development of the castle, in the 13th century, there was already an institution providing higher education alongside simpler parish and urban schools, operating alongside cathedral schools in episcopal sees. This institution was likely located where the Major Seminary stands on the northern side of the cathedral. In 1380, both the castle and the cathedral were ravaged by a fire, after which the Gothic sanctuary of the church and the subterranean chapel dedicated to the Virgin Mary were built.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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During the episcopate of Albert Vet\u00e9si (1458-1486), a red marble altar and an organ were placed in the cathedral. The nearby Saint George's Chapel was repainted, and a red marble gate adorned with the bishop's coat of arms and inscription was also made. After the Battle of Moh\u00e1cs in 1552, the Turks reached Veszpr\u00e9m and captured it after a seven-day siege. The bishop fled to S\u00fcmeg, while surviving canons sought refuge in Zalaegerszeg, Sopron, and Pozsony, and the nuns fled to K\u00f6rmend. The chapter ceased to exist as an institution until its restoration in 1630. The Imperial troops managed to recapture the castle in 1566, led by Eck Graf zu Salm, Colonel-Captain in Gy\u0151r. <\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Subsequently, the defence and maintenance of the castle fell to the crown instead of the bishop (who was also the Lord Lieutenant at the time). With the assistance of the war council, the crown initiated the city's restoration. However, the progress was continuously disrupted by recurring castle sieges: in 1593 by the Turks, in 1598 by Hungarians, again in 1605 by the Turks, and then in 1608 it returned to Hungarian control, not to mention the noble conflicts. Finally, in 1628, the feudal rights returned to Bishop Istv\u00e1n Sennyei, and restoration efforts commenced. By the second half of the 17th century, the western castle walls, two round gun towers, and two wedge-shaped bastions were rebuilt on the north-western and south-western corners of the castle.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0In the 18th century, Veszpr\u00e9m was also affected by Emperor Leopold's decree, which required the demolition of Hungarian castles. It is likely that only the southern outer main gate and the small gate behind the cathedral fell victim to the castle's destruction. <\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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During the episcopate of Imre Eszterh\u00e1zy (1723-1725), the medieval cathedral was partially rebuilt and restored in the Baroque style. Around 1720, construction began on the Franciscan Church of Saint Stephen, which was completed around 1730. In 1733, Adam Acs\u00e1dy began construction of the new episcopal palace, which was incorporated into the southern wing of the present-day episcopal palace from 1776. Subsequently, in 1741, M\u00e1rton Pad\u00e1nyi B\u00edr\u00f3 built the Grand Provost's House, and he is also credited with the establishment of Holy Trinity Square and the erection of the Holy Trinity Statue (1750). During this time, thanks to the baroque-era urban development, the mills, economic buildings, and industrial houses of the chapter city district were constructed, and the city's first piped water supply system was established.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Ign\u00e1c Nagym\u00e1nyai Koller (1762-1773), along with Jakab Fellner, constructed the Baroque episcopal palace and the employees' house. In 1778, for example, the Minor Seminary was built, and in 1782, the Major Seminary was built on the northern peak of the castle.<\/p>

In the 19th and 20th centuries, Veszpr\u00e9m had several significant bishops, including J\u00e1nos Ranolder (1849-1875), Baron K\u00e1roly Hornig (1888-1917), and J\u00f3zsef Mindszenty (1944-1945). In 1938, on the occasion of the 900th anniversary of the death of Saint Stephen, the Gisella Chapel and the Castle Well were restored, and the ruins of the Greek nuns and Dominican convents were unearthed. The Heroes' Gate was built on the ruins of the outer castle gate, and a representative viewpoint was built on the northern part of the castle, where the stone statues of King Saint Stephen and Blessed Queen Gisela, as well as the bronze statue of Prince Saint Emeric, were placed next to the northern side of the cathedral.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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The Second World War and the subsequent years caused significant damage, but fortunately, Veszpr\u00e9m was spared from major bombing attacks. During the nationalisation period, the religious orders were dissolved, social institutions under church management were taken over by the state, and both the Minor and Major Seminaries were closed. Following this, during the easing of the 1980s, the diocesan museum opened, and the return of church properties began. In 1993, Pope John Paul II elevated Veszpr\u00e9m to the rank of archdiocese.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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1<\/sup>However, archaeology does not support this.<\/p>\n

2<\/sup>The History of Anonymus has little basis in reality; instead, it is worthwhile to focus on legends and chronicles.<\/p>\n

3<\/sup>Three legends have been made about King Stephen's life, including the major, minor, and the one created by Bishop Hartvik.<\/p>\n

4<\/sup>Giulio Turco's military engineer survey did not include them yet, but these facilities appear on a site plan and castle depiction found in Karlsruhe.<\/p>\n

5<\/sup>The bastions were not present in the 16th-century surveys; they first appeared on an ink drawing in 1667.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00a0A Balaton-felvid\u00e9k \u00e9s a Bakony k\u00f6z\u00f6tt elhelyezked\u0151 veszpr\u00e9mi v\u00e1r korai t\u00f6rt\u00e9nete bizonytalan, a r\u00e9g\u00e9szeti felt\u00e1r\u00e1sokon t\u00fal csak n\u00e9h\u00e1ny feljegyz\u00e9sb\u0151l, kr\u00f3nik\u00e1s adatb\u00f3l indulhatnak ki a t\u00f6rt\u00e9n\u00e9szek. A 9. sz\u00e1zadban a salzburgi […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_price":"","_stock":"","_tribe_ticket_header":"","_tribe_default_ticket_provider":"","_tribe_ticket_capacity":"0","_ticket_start_date":"","_ticket_end_date":"","_tribe_ticket_show_description":"","_tribe_ticket_show_not_going":false,"_tribe_ticket_use_global_stock":"","_tribe_ticket_global_stock_level":"","_global_stock_mode":"","_global_stock_cap":"","_tribe_rsvp_for_event":"","_tribe_ticket_going_count":"","_tribe_ticket_not_going_count":"","_tribe_tickets_list":"[]","_tribe_ticket_has_attendee_info_fields":false,"footnotes":"","_tec_slr_enabled":"","_tec_slr_layout":""},"class_list":["post-218","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nV\u00e1rt\u00f6rt\u00e9net - Veszpr\u00e9mi \u00c9rseks\u00e9g Turisztikai K\u00f6zpont<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/vetk.hu\/en\/a-var-tortenete\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"V\u00e1rt\u00f6rt\u00e9net - Veszpr\u00e9mi \u00c9rseks\u00e9g Turisztikai K\u00f6zpont\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u00a0A Balaton-felvid\u00e9k \u00e9s a Bakony k\u00f6z\u00f6tt elhelyezked\u0151 veszpr\u00e9mi v\u00e1r korai t\u00f6rt\u00e9nete bizonytalan, a r\u00e9g\u00e9szeti felt\u00e1r\u00e1sokon t\u00fal csak n\u00e9h\u00e1ny feljegyz\u00e9sb\u0151l, kr\u00f3nik\u00e1s adatb\u00f3l indulhatnak ki a t\u00f6rt\u00e9n\u00e9szek. 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